Alexander the Great and the Battle of Chaeronea

Conflict Date: The Battle of Chaeronea is believed to have been fought around August 2, 338 BC during King Philip IIs wars with the Greeks. Armies Commanders: Macedon King Philip IIAlexander the Greatapprox. 32,000 men Greeks Chares of AthensLysicles of AthensTheagenes of Boeotiaapprox. 35,000 men Battle of Chaeronea Overview: Following unsuccessful sieges of Perinthus and Byzantium in 340 and 339 BC, King Philip II of Macedon found his influence over the Greek city-states waning. In an effort to reassert Macedonian supremacy, he marched south in 338 BC with the goal of bringing them to heel. Forming his army, Philip was joined by allied contingents from Aetolia, Thessaly, Epirus, Epicnemidian Locrian, and Northern Phocis. Advancing, his troops easily secured the town of Elateia which controlled the mountain passes to the south. With the Elateias fall, messengers alerted Athens to the approaching threat. Raising their army, the citizens of Athens dispatched Demosthenes to seek assistance from the Boeotians at Thebes. Despite past hostilities and ill-will between the two cities, Demosthenes was able to convince the Boeotians that the danger posed by Philip was a threat to all of Greece. Though Philip also sought to woo the Boeotians, they elected to join with the Athenians. Combining their forces, they assumed a position near Chaeronea in Boeotia. Forming for battle, the Athenians occupied the left, while the Thebans were on the right. Cavalry guarded each flank. Approaching the enemy position on August 2, Philip deployed his army with its phalanx infantry in the center and cavalry on each wing. While he personally led the right, he gave command of the left to his young son Alexander, who was aided by some of the best Macedonian generals. Advancing to contact that morning, the Greek forces, led by Chares of Athens and Theagenes of Boeotia, offered stiff resistance and the battle became deadlocked. As casualties began to mount, Philip sought to gain an advantage. Knowing that the Athenians were relatively untrained, he began withdrawing his wing of the army. Believing a victory was at hand, the Athenians followed, separating themselves from their allies. Halting, Philip returned to the attack and his veteran troops were able to drive the Athenians from the field. Advancing, his men joined Alexander in attacking the Thebans. Badly outnumbered, the Thebans offered a stiff defense which was anchored by their elite 300-man Sacred Band. Most sources state that Alexander was the first to break into the enemys lines at the head of a courageous band of men. Cutting down the Thebans, his troops played a key role in shattering the enemy line. Overwhelmed, the remaining Thebans were forced to flee the field. Aftermath: As with most battles in this period casualties for Chaeronea are not known with certainty. Sources indicate that Macedonian losses were high, and that over 1,000 Athenians were killed with another 2,000 captured. The Sacred Band lost 254 killed, while the remaining 46 were wounded and captured. While the defeat badly damaged Athens forces, it effectively destroyed the Theban army. Impressed with the Sacred Bands courage, Philip allowed the statue of a lion to be erected on the site to commemorate their sacrifice. With victory secured, Philip dispatched Alexander to Athens to negotiate a peace. In return for terminating hostilities and sparing the cities that had fought against him, Philip demanded pledges of allegiance as well as money and men for his planned invasion of Persia. Essentially defenseless and stunned by Philips generosity, Athens and the other city-states quickly agreed to his terms. The victory at Chaeronea effectively reestablished Macedonian hegemony over Greece and led to the formation of the League of Corinth. Selected Sources Diodorus of Sicily: Battle of ChaeroneaAncient History Sourcebook: Battle of Chaeronea

Theories About Motivation And Its Impact On The Workplace

Introduction To date, numerous studies have been conducted and formulated quite profound theories about motivation, how it can enrich any work environment existing economic activity, including the implicit costs of materials and not included as an element of human management approach organizations, in parallel, these works are based on present as individual study unit cut-practiced in a vacuum exposure as a collective dynamic mechanism, ie how different people - which have elements of different interest - could come to share the same motivational ingredient despite their individual differences, as well as people management strategy that could consolidate a scenario of genuine willingness to be motivated collectively. This†¦show more content†¦On the other hand there is talk of satisfaction as the first rung of the ladder motivational, ie obtaining motivation must necessarily involve having achieved the first level represented by satisfaction; be satisfied does not mean to be motivated, however, is likely to be motivated if involving greatly be obtained and be experiencing an appropriate and acceptable level of satisfaction, this complementarity while differentiation is reflected both intrapersonal level interpersonal and and in the different working groups in organizations. And they are externalities or purely intrapersonal factors motivation always seem to be associated with the preferences or interests that a personal or group level are present in individuals, the way how they perceive certain situation, the possibility of improving this situation and desprenderà ­a efforts to reach that desired state, which represents major advantages for themselves or those located within their area of interest, with the resonant idea that this is a step that brings them closer to prosperity; because as mentioned with some mathematical Vroom touch 2: The

Analysis Of David Brueckner s The Skeptic - 1700 Words

Joshua Warnick Phil 310 Short Paper Peter Klein argues that the Skeptic’s main argument is based off of a closure principle, and because of this either cannot be defended, because the closure principle itself cannot be defended, or the Skeptic’s main argument is guilty of virtually begging the question. Anthony Brueckner responds to Klein with five objections. I will be focusing on one of them, which argues that Klein’s reasoning for believing the Skeptic’s main argument virtually begs the question would also lead to the absurd conclusion that all Modus Tollens arguments virtually beg the question. E. J. Coffman attempts to respond by arguing that Bruckner’s objection is unsuccessful because it misconstrues Klein’s objection for dealing with the formal structure and not the content of the Skeptic’s main argument. Along side Brueckner, I will attempt to show that E.J. Coffman’s conclusion is false, and that Klein’s line of reasoning for the Skeptic’s main argument virtually begging the question commits him to the absurd conclusion that all Modus Tollens arguments virtually beg the question. Before examining Klein’s objection we must put forth the Skeptic’s main argument: 1) If a person, S is justified in believing that there is a table before her, then S is justified in believing that she is not in a skeptical scenario. 2) S is never justified in believing that she is not in a skeptical scenario. 3) Therefore, S is never justified in believing that there is a table before

Zora Neale Hurston How It Feels to Be Colored Me free essay sample

Remembered as one the of most successful and most significant African-American authors, folklorist, and anthropologists in the 20th century, Zora Neale Hurston captured the attention of others through her numerous essays, short stories, plays and novels. Born on January 7, 1891, Hurston spent most of her life in Eatonville, Florida. Her father was a preacher while her mother was a Sunday School teacher. Early in her childhood, Hurston’s mother passed and her father remarried soon after. Without the help and money from her father, Hurston struggled to finish schooling. She worked as a maid for the lead singer of Gilbert and Sullivan theatrical company. At age 26, Hurston still had not finished high school. In 1917, she began attending a free high school in Baltimore, Maryland where she claimed her date of birth was 1901, making her 16 years old. Lucky for her, she had the looks and personality to pull it off. Hurston was also known to have â€Å"a fiery intellect, an infectious sense of humor, and ‘the gift of walking into hearts,’ as one friend put it. We will write a custom essay sample on Zora Neale Hurston How It Feels to Be Colored Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her talents paved her way into the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920’s, meeting the likes of famous poets such as Langston Hughes and popular singer Ethel Waters. During this time Hurston wrote her short story â€Å"Spunk,† which was selected into an anthology of African American art and literature that included Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, and Claude McKay. Hurston attended Barnard College through scholarship. Being the only black student at the school during that time, she graduated with a B. A. in Anthropology in 1927. By 1935, she published several short stories, novels, and folklore. In the late 1930’s she published one of her greatest works, Their Eyes Were Watching God, which was about a proud and independent black woman. In the following years, Hurston published a number of her works; Tell My Horse about Caribbean voodoo practices, and Moses, Man of the Mountain, to name a few. Being recognized as a key member of New York’s Harlem Renaissance was a huge period in Hurston’s life. The Harlem Renaissance was a period where African American artists broke with the traditional dialectal works and imitating hite writers to explore black culture and express pride in their race. This was expressed in literature, music, art, and other forms of artistic expression. Hurston and her stories about Eatonville became a major force in shaping these ideals. This was most noted in her short story, â€Å"How It Feels to Be Colored Me† where she discusses her identity growing up in the town of Eatonville, Florida, which was exclusively a colored town. H urston begins the story by describing her experiences in Eatonville. Greeting her neighbors and singing and dancing in the streets as. She explains that when white tourists would pass by, they would ask her to â€Å"speak pieces and sing and dance the parse-me-la. † She recalls them generously giving her small silver for doing those things. In Eatonville, she is was known as â€Å"everybody’s Zora,† referring to the fact that she was part of a whole community, not divided by race. In essence, her story is unlike others in her time. Instead of writing an essay on racial inequality, Hurston writes about her own uniqueness as a person and her ability to identify herself in the world. She explains this when she says, â€Å"I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. † Looking past her ancestry and racial background, Hurston strives to live life to her fullest. The positive tone and nature of this short story is what separates this work from others. Hurston could have talked about the discrimination and hatred towards her colored skin through complaints and arguments. Instead she embraces her existence in the world when she says, â€Å"At certain times I have no race, I am me. Though she may be different in color, Hurston does not consider it a disadvantage. By saying, â€Å"I am me† she is stating the fact that race is no factor in achieving her goals. This also further explains why she chose the title of the story, â€Å"How It Feels to Be Colored Me. † Pride in her individuality is what makes Hurston a special person and such a significant writer of our time. At the end of the stor y, Hurston compares herself to a â€Å"brown bag stuffed with miscellany things. Through metaphor she compares people to different colored bags that contained bits of objects. If emptied into a large pile and re-stuffed, nothing would be much altered; suggesting that people of other races are essentially of the same human character. Hurston concludes the story by stating that â€Å"the Great Stuffer of Bags,† the Creator of life, may have fashioned people in this way from the very beginning of time. The significance of Hurston and this story in literature lies in her style of writing, positive attitude, and overall message. She furthers herself from writing about politics and instead writes from her own thoughts and feelings about life.