Alexander the Great and the Battle of Chaeronea

Conflict Date: The Battle of Chaeronea is believed to have been fought around August 2, 338 BC during King Philip IIs wars with the Greeks. Armies Commanders: Macedon King Philip IIAlexander the Greatapprox. 32,000 men Greeks Chares of AthensLysicles of AthensTheagenes of Boeotiaapprox. 35,000 men Battle of Chaeronea Overview: Following unsuccessful sieges of Perinthus and Byzantium in 340 and 339 BC, King Philip II of Macedon found his influence over the Greek city-states waning. In an effort to reassert Macedonian supremacy, he marched south in 338 BC with the goal of bringing them to heel. Forming his army, Philip was joined by allied contingents from Aetolia, Thessaly, Epirus, Epicnemidian Locrian, and Northern Phocis. Advancing, his troops easily secured the town of Elateia which controlled the mountain passes to the south. With the Elateias fall, messengers alerted Athens to the approaching threat. Raising their army, the citizens of Athens dispatched Demosthenes to seek assistance from the Boeotians at Thebes. Despite past hostilities and ill-will between the two cities, Demosthenes was able to convince the Boeotians that the danger posed by Philip was a threat to all of Greece. Though Philip also sought to woo the Boeotians, they elected to join with the Athenians. Combining their forces, they assumed a position near Chaeronea in Boeotia. Forming for battle, the Athenians occupied the left, while the Thebans were on the right. Cavalry guarded each flank. Approaching the enemy position on August 2, Philip deployed his army with its phalanx infantry in the center and cavalry on each wing. While he personally led the right, he gave command of the left to his young son Alexander, who was aided by some of the best Macedonian generals. Advancing to contact that morning, the Greek forces, led by Chares of Athens and Theagenes of Boeotia, offered stiff resistance and the battle became deadlocked. As casualties began to mount, Philip sought to gain an advantage. Knowing that the Athenians were relatively untrained, he began withdrawing his wing of the army. Believing a victory was at hand, the Athenians followed, separating themselves from their allies. Halting, Philip returned to the attack and his veteran troops were able to drive the Athenians from the field. Advancing, his men joined Alexander in attacking the Thebans. Badly outnumbered, the Thebans offered a stiff defense which was anchored by their elite 300-man Sacred Band. Most sources state that Alexander was the first to break into the enemys lines at the head of a courageous band of men. Cutting down the Thebans, his troops played a key role in shattering the enemy line. Overwhelmed, the remaining Thebans were forced to flee the field. Aftermath: As with most battles in this period casualties for Chaeronea are not known with certainty. Sources indicate that Macedonian losses were high, and that over 1,000 Athenians were killed with another 2,000 captured. The Sacred Band lost 254 killed, while the remaining 46 were wounded and captured. While the defeat badly damaged Athens forces, it effectively destroyed the Theban army. Impressed with the Sacred Bands courage, Philip allowed the statue of a lion to be erected on the site to commemorate their sacrifice. With victory secured, Philip dispatched Alexander to Athens to negotiate a peace. In return for terminating hostilities and sparing the cities that had fought against him, Philip demanded pledges of allegiance as well as money and men for his planned invasion of Persia. Essentially defenseless and stunned by Philips generosity, Athens and the other city-states quickly agreed to his terms. The victory at Chaeronea effectively reestablished Macedonian hegemony over Greece and led to the formation of the League of Corinth. Selected Sources Diodorus of Sicily: Battle of ChaeroneaAncient History Sourcebook: Battle of Chaeronea

Theories About Motivation And Its Impact On The Workplace

Introduction To date, numerous studies have been conducted and formulated quite profound theories about motivation, how it can enrich any work environment existing economic activity, including the implicit costs of materials and not included as an element of human management approach organizations, in parallel, these works are based on present as individual study unit cut-practiced in a vacuum exposure as a collective dynamic mechanism, ie how different people - which have elements of different interest - could come to share the same motivational ingredient despite their individual differences, as well as people management strategy that could consolidate a scenario of genuine willingness to be motivated collectively. This†¦show more content†¦On the other hand there is talk of satisfaction as the first rung of the ladder motivational, ie obtaining motivation must necessarily involve having achieved the first level represented by satisfaction; be satisfied does not mean to be motivated, however, is likely to be motivated if involving greatly be obtained and be experiencing an appropriate and acceptable level of satisfaction, this complementarity while differentiation is reflected both intrapersonal level interpersonal and and in the different working groups in organizations. And they are externalities or purely intrapersonal factors motivation always seem to be associated with the preferences or interests that a personal or group level are present in individuals, the way how they perceive certain situation, the possibility of improving this situation and desprenderà ­a efforts to reach that desired state, which represents major advantages for themselves or those located within their area of interest, with the resonant idea that this is a step that brings them closer to prosperity; because as mentioned with some mathematical Vroom touch 2: The

Analysis Of David Brueckner s The Skeptic - 1700 Words

Joshua Warnick Phil 310 Short Paper Peter Klein argues that the Skeptic’s main argument is based off of a closure principle, and because of this either cannot be defended, because the closure principle itself cannot be defended, or the Skeptic’s main argument is guilty of virtually begging the question. Anthony Brueckner responds to Klein with five objections. I will be focusing on one of them, which argues that Klein’s reasoning for believing the Skeptic’s main argument virtually begs the question would also lead to the absurd conclusion that all Modus Tollens arguments virtually beg the question. E. J. Coffman attempts to respond by arguing that Bruckner’s objection is unsuccessful because it misconstrues Klein’s objection for dealing with the formal structure and not the content of the Skeptic’s main argument. Along side Brueckner, I will attempt to show that E.J. Coffman’s conclusion is false, and that Klein’s line of reasoning for the Skeptic’s main argument virtually begging the question commits him to the absurd conclusion that all Modus Tollens arguments virtually beg the question. Before examining Klein’s objection we must put forth the Skeptic’s main argument: 1) If a person, S is justified in believing that there is a table before her, then S is justified in believing that she is not in a skeptical scenario. 2) S is never justified in believing that she is not in a skeptical scenario. 3) Therefore, S is never justified in believing that there is a table before

Zora Neale Hurston How It Feels to Be Colored Me free essay sample

Remembered as one the of most successful and most significant African-American authors, folklorist, and anthropologists in the 20th century, Zora Neale Hurston captured the attention of others through her numerous essays, short stories, plays and novels. Born on January 7, 1891, Hurston spent most of her life in Eatonville, Florida. Her father was a preacher while her mother was a Sunday School teacher. Early in her childhood, Hurston’s mother passed and her father remarried soon after. Without the help and money from her father, Hurston struggled to finish schooling. She worked as a maid for the lead singer of Gilbert and Sullivan theatrical company. At age 26, Hurston still had not finished high school. In 1917, she began attending a free high school in Baltimore, Maryland where she claimed her date of birth was 1901, making her 16 years old. Lucky for her, she had the looks and personality to pull it off. Hurston was also known to have â€Å"a fiery intellect, an infectious sense of humor, and ‘the gift of walking into hearts,’ as one friend put it. We will write a custom essay sample on Zora Neale Hurston How It Feels to Be Colored Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her talents paved her way into the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920’s, meeting the likes of famous poets such as Langston Hughes and popular singer Ethel Waters. During this time Hurston wrote her short story â€Å"Spunk,† which was selected into an anthology of African American art and literature that included Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, and Claude McKay. Hurston attended Barnard College through scholarship. Being the only black student at the school during that time, she graduated with a B. A. in Anthropology in 1927. By 1935, she published several short stories, novels, and folklore. In the late 1930’s she published one of her greatest works, Their Eyes Were Watching God, which was about a proud and independent black woman. In the following years, Hurston published a number of her works; Tell My Horse about Caribbean voodoo practices, and Moses, Man of the Mountain, to name a few. Being recognized as a key member of New York’s Harlem Renaissance was a huge period in Hurston’s life. The Harlem Renaissance was a period where African American artists broke with the traditional dialectal works and imitating hite writers to explore black culture and express pride in their race. This was expressed in literature, music, art, and other forms of artistic expression. Hurston and her stories about Eatonville became a major force in shaping these ideals. This was most noted in her short story, â€Å"How It Feels to Be Colored Me† where she discusses her identity growing up in the town of Eatonville, Florida, which was exclusively a colored town. H urston begins the story by describing her experiences in Eatonville. Greeting her neighbors and singing and dancing in the streets as. She explains that when white tourists would pass by, they would ask her to â€Å"speak pieces and sing and dance the parse-me-la. † She recalls them generously giving her small silver for doing those things. In Eatonville, she is was known as â€Å"everybody’s Zora,† referring to the fact that she was part of a whole community, not divided by race. In essence, her story is unlike others in her time. Instead of writing an essay on racial inequality, Hurston writes about her own uniqueness as a person and her ability to identify herself in the world. She explains this when she says, â€Å"I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. † Looking past her ancestry and racial background, Hurston strives to live life to her fullest. The positive tone and nature of this short story is what separates this work from others. Hurston could have talked about the discrimination and hatred towards her colored skin through complaints and arguments. Instead she embraces her existence in the world when she says, â€Å"At certain times I have no race, I am me. Though she may be different in color, Hurston does not consider it a disadvantage. By saying, â€Å"I am me† she is stating the fact that race is no factor in achieving her goals. This also further explains why she chose the title of the story, â€Å"How It Feels to Be Colored Me. † Pride in her individuality is what makes Hurston a special person and such a significant writer of our time. At the end of the stor y, Hurston compares herself to a â€Å"brown bag stuffed with miscellany things. Through metaphor she compares people to different colored bags that contained bits of objects. If emptied into a large pile and re-stuffed, nothing would be much altered; suggesting that people of other races are essentially of the same human character. Hurston concludes the story by stating that â€Å"the Great Stuffer of Bags,† the Creator of life, may have fashioned people in this way from the very beginning of time. The significance of Hurston and this story in literature lies in her style of writing, positive attitude, and overall message. She furthers herself from writing about politics and instead writes from her own thoughts and feelings about life.

Laertes and Hamlet Essay Example

Laertes and Hamlet Paper Hamlet does not have the character to be a revenger, he can say he words, make promises to himself and others but when faced with the situation he cannot do it. Laertes has similarities with Fortinbras in the way he conducts his revenge he too is a man of action, and unlike Hamlet ready to fight anyone who he thinks may have had something to do with his fathers death. His readiness to believe that Hamlet is responsible for all the tragic events in the court during his absence and his willingness to go farther than the King to ensure that Hamlet will be killed in the fencing are witness to this. He is a very powerful character and behaves in a way Hamlet wishes he himself could act. Laertes is extremely angry, he thinks that Polonius should have been given a better burial and this spurs on his desire for revenge. In Act IV scene V it is announced that Laertes has burst into the court with a band if men threatening the lie of the king, whom he takes to be his fathers killer. Claudius knows that he must have Laertes on his side in order to keep the Danes on his side and to hold his position as king. He is scared Laertes will lead the Danes against him. We will write a custom essay sample on Laertes and Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Laertes and Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Laertes and Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So, almost immediately he devises a plan to keep Laertes on his side and protect himself from Hamlet at the same time. In other words, he uses Laertes to scheme against Hamlet, to save his own life. When Laertes returns from France Claudius jumps on the opportunity provided by Laertes fury at his fathers death. The King skilfully quietens Laertes and leads him to the plot by which Laertes will be the instrument of Hamlets death, as the king desires. Claudius spends a lot of time convincing Laertes of his innocence and Hamlets guilt, and hegoes on persuading Laertes until his mind is made up for him: he is determined to kill Hamlet. This is exactly what Claudius wanted and Laertes is now so angry at Hamlet he is prepared to do anything. Claudius is very sneaky in how he goes about talking to Laertes. And where thoffence is let the great axe fall. (Act IV scene v Line 213). Here is shown to already be fuelling Laertes desire for revenge and he is leading him straight to Hamlet. The King finishes his work of convincing Laertes that Hamlet, not he himself, is guilty of Poloniuss death and Ophelias madness. At first Laertes mistrusts him: why is Hamlet still free? The king makes a good case: he will not kill him for fear of alienating his queens affection, and, the people of Denmark love their prince. Instead he whips Laertes into a passionate desire for vengeance on Hamlet. In Act IV scene vii when the messenger brings the letters from Hamlet, Claudius is shocked Hamlet is still alive but does not allow it to weaken his control over Laertes. Laertes is desperate at this point having learned of his fathers death and seen Ophelia in a terrible state right before his eyes, and he unlike Hamlet, helped by encouragement from Claudius is ready to take revenge. Im lost in it, my lord. But let him come; It warms the very sickness in my heart, That I shall live and tell him to his teeth, Thus diddest thou. (Act IV, Scene VII Lines 53-56). Laertes is very active in his thoughts of revenge, he doesnt hold back; this is very different to Hamlets behaviour. Although Laertes does let Claudius take control of his revenge, not because he isnt capable of doing it himself but because Claudius provides such a good case that he should do it and Laertes should just focus on actually killing Hamlet. Throughout this scene Claudius builds up Laertes desire for revenge to such a point that Laertes is even prepared to take Hamlets life in a church. Claudius needs Hamlet out the way as soon as possible but is very devious and in his speech to Laertes drops no hints that any of the revenge he is planning on Hamlet is for his own purpose. That we would do, We should do when we would; for this would changes (Act IV, Scene VII Lines 118-119). Claudius tells Laertes that they should do at once what they want to do kill Hamlet or otherwise they will be influenced not to like Hamlet. This is ironic because Hamlets actions are continually put off by thought. Claudius is deadly, he has everything planned out the fencing the poisoning and he has Laertes to do the deed for him who has the motive to leave Claudius free of any blame. Laertes, like Fortinbras, has revengeful characteristics. It is not hard for him to think about murder and he agrees to Claudius plans straightaway he doesnt delay his actions, unlike Hamlet. This shows the audience the great difference in personalities between the revenge characters. When Laertes learns of Ophelias death it adds to his rage and his desire to kill Hamlet. Laertes is distraught at his sisters death, especially the way in which her funeral service was carried out, this adds to his hatred of Hamlet and leads to their fight in Ophelias grave when both characters seem prepared to kill each other. Fortinbras is not one of the main characters in the play, but he is always somewhere in the background. He is a definite man of action willing to fight whoever whenever. He is also very clever, in his first appearance in Act IV Scene IV, when he and his army are on an expedition to Poland to fight over a piece of disputed territory. The audience may realise that Fortinbras perhaps has an alterior motive to pass through Denmark on the way to Poland linked to his desire for revenge. He is perhaps passing through to see whats going on, to see whether an invasion would be a good idea at that particular point in time. Unlike Laertes and Hamlet, Fortinbras revenge is laid out to him on a plate; he barely has to lift a finger before he finds himself in the perfect position to take over Denmark. The most we see of Fortinbras is in the last scene after nearly all of the main characters have been killed. This quarry cries on havoc. O proud death, What feast is toward in thine eternal cell, That thou so many princes at a shot So bloodily hast struck? (Act V Scene II Lines 346-349). Here Fortinbras is basically saying that the heap of bodies cry out for merciless slaughter in revenge (havoc). To cry havoc was to give army the signal to break ranks and plunder what they had conquered. Fortinbras realises the opportunities now open for him, now that the royalty of Denmark are dead and he seizes these opportunities. I have some rights of memory in this kingdom, Which now to claim my vantage doth invite me (Act V Scene II Lines 371-372). Fortinbras knows he has the rights to the crown of Denmark, as well as to Norway, and now the opportunity invites him to claim his rights. Horatio tells Fortinbras that Hamlets dying wish was that Fortinbras would take the throne. Hamlet realised what would be best for Denmark and its future. Fortinbras is a replacement approved by Hamlet himself. This is how Shakespeare ends the play. The final scene is the climax of the revenge theme in the play. The three characters are each involved and each gets their revenge in one way or another. Laertes kills Hamlet with his poisoned foil. Hamlet kills Claudius though even at this point in the play Hamlet is avenging his mothers death not only his fathers and it is perhaps this a murder committed right before his eyes- which actually forces him to kill Claudius and when he does it is particularly striking that at this moment Hamlet utters not one word concerning the assassination of his father. Fortinbras arrives at the court to find the King Queen and heir to the throne dead and the position as king of Denmark wide open to him, none of which is through his own doing. Fortinbras symbolises the outside world breaking into the play the court destroying the vicious circle of love, hate and revenge. It is therefore very important. He provides a contrast to the rotten, poisoned state of Denmark. In Conclusion, revenge is one of the most important themes within hamlet. The differences in the ways Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras conduct their revenge lead to many of the events throughout the play and raise their interest value to the audience. The revengers are wholly responsible for the dramatic climax at the end of the play and the many deaths within it. Even though Claudius helps Laertes, and Hamlet should have taken his revenge much earlier on in the play. The final event of Fortinbras gaining the title King of Denmark is the climax of the revenge theme. The play begins with showing the strict security at Denmark because they fear invasion from Norway, but it ends with the Court of Elsinore and the position of ruler held within it left wide open for Fortinbras to take. This shows the total collapse of Denmark caused by the corruption and the revenge led by the characters throughout the play. Claudius efforts to kill hamlet paid off, but he got killed in the process, as well as his wife, therefore losing his position as King. Hamlet got revenge on Claudius but it was perhaps not justified. Laertes got his revenge on Hamlet but in the end made peace with him by asking Hamlet for an exchange of forgiveness, he wants them to die as friends. Many people have questioned why hamlet delayed his revenge, but there really is nothing surprising about it. It is one of the ways in which Shakespeare links hamlet to everyday life, to show him as human. It is the nature of all human beings to put off a searching task or an impelling duty involving something disagreeable or worse. (A man who has to write a difficult letter will tidy his desk e.g. before he begins). So with Hamlet; the delay is simple and can be matched with a similar inclination in us all. Shakespeare humanized Hamlet; the evidence talked about in this essay suggests that Hamlet is really delaying action because it is human to do so, and not part of his character. The events of the last scene are not what the audience would have expected to happen. One way to explain this is that Shakespeare wanted to disrupt the conventions of classical tragedy, which he may have seen as too heavily laden with stereotypes. His Macbeth, Othello, Brutus, even his King Lear, are, from the first act, so imprisoned in conventional attitudes that they become perfectly predictable. But, not in Hamlet; Shakespeare surprises us at each turn, it is the unpredictable, which dominates, and the final scene has only tenuous connections with the first act. Maybe Shakespeare chose in the final analysis only to present the themes, which for him had any fundamental importance: doubt and uncertainty therefore perhaps anticipating the theatre of the absurd and making it so popular.

Canadas Aid to Third World Co essays

Canada's Aid to Third World Co essays Canada's Aid to Third World Countries In the following Eassy I will state my position on, What are some of the major problems faced by "Third World" Countries today, Who should be held responsible for these problems, Why, What has Canada done to help "Third World Countries", And should Canada increase foreign1 aid to "Third World Countries". There has always been a dominant country in the world that sets the economic standard throughout powerful countries. Canada has always been a top rated economic country, usually behind the United States and other large Commonwealth countries. Starting back in the early to mid 60's, Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Trudeau decided to use Canadian revenue as foreign aid. These included "Third World". Some of the major problems faced by "Third World" countries today include poor towns which have had a lack of food sources due to the serious poverty, lack of clean drinking water, lack of good sanitation systems, lack of good living conditions, lack of jobs and there is no industry, therefore no import or export revenue. The governments of the "Third World" countries have done horrible jobs of creating good living conditions for their people and in all have not tried to bring their country out of their economic slump. As Canada entered it second century, Prime Minister Trudeau called for a complete review of Canada's foreign policy. Starting in 1968 interested Canadians including politicians, journalists, professors, business leaders, financial experts, as well as church and labour leaders were invited to offer opinions and advice in what was called the Trudeau Review. The ending of this meeting brought about six foreign policy booklets which outlined Some of these benefits the benefits of Canadian foreign aid. included to help the Canadian economy grow stronger, to keep Canada independent, to work for peace and security, to promote fairne...

Substandard Prenatal Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Substandard Prenatal Care - Essay Example Both Latin America and Mexico are developing nations that have a modern economy that is encompassed in a rural peasant population. Mexico and Latin America are influenced by the forces of economics, politics, and cultural traditions that contribute to a rate of pregnancy problems and infant mortality that significantly exceeds their neighbors in North America. The issue of prenatal care is an issue that has several relevant aspects. It is a woman's issue, and as such has suffered from gender bias that has pervaded the hemisphere due to the impact of religion and its view of women. As with other women's issues, such as breast cancer, funding for prenatal care is often diminished by the male dominated power structure. However, prenatal care is not merely a women's issue as it impacts males and female alike and is an integral part of a healthy family. In the 21st century, prenatal care has become an issue of basic human rights. It addresses the most fundamental units of society (the children) that are incapable of deciding or acting for themselves. Adequate prenatal care is a broad based program that not only delivers a healthy child at birth, but also addresses the needs of the pregnant woman, her nutrition, mental health, and delivery safety. It should include "Safe and clean delivery, early detection and management of sexually transmitted diseases, infections and complications during pregnancy and delivery and taking into account the physiological needs of the newborn baby" (World Health Organization 25). When these interventions are accessible, affordable, and offered to pregnant women, they can have a substantial effect on improving the health of the newborn child and mother. There has been some increased international focus on this issue as it has been recognized that "the vast majority of infant and maternal deaths and disabilities are preventable through high quality care, detection and efficient referral for complications, and access to the essential elements of obstetric care when needed" (Glei, Goldman, and Rodrigue z 3). While these initiatives are helpful, they are impeded by competing social, cultural, and economic factors. The forces that influence the delivery of adequate prenatal care have particularly impacted Latin America and Mexico, our neighbors to the South. Economics, culture, and politics have all taken a toll on this region in regards to health care. While the external influences of diet and the environment contribute to infant mortality, "maternal mortality is almost wholly attributable to a lack of-or poor quality- prenatal, delivery, and puerperal care" (Casas, Dachs, and Bambas 27). These services are difficult for many women to attain due to cultural traditions that have subjugated women and an economic system that has placed prenatal care out of the reach of the masses in this region. Inequalities based on wealth are one of the biggest obstacles that women in the lower economic classes face. In Mexico, less than 10 percent of all the babies born to the lower economic classes are born in a hospital, but this number rises to 90 percent for the upper economic municipalities (Casas, Dachs, and Bambas 31). Countries in Latin America have mediated this figure by mandating a goal of 80 percent of all deliveries be attended by a skilled professional,